How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Essay -- Essays Paper

How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Introduction: In order to discuss pop art I have chosen to examine the work and to some extent lives of Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol who were two of the main forces behind the American movement. I intend to reflect the attitudes of the public and artists in America at this time, while examining the growing popularity of pop art from its rocky, abstract expressionist start in the 1950s through the height of consumer culture in the 60s and 70s to the present day. Roy Liechtenstein, (fig 1) was born in 1923 into to a middle class Hungarian family living in New York, there was no artists on either side of his family and throughout Liechtenstein’s schooling there were no art classes. He used to paint in oils and draw, sometimes sketching musicians he saw playing in Harlem and the Apollo Theatre as a hobby. It was not until ‘1939’ the summer of his last year at high school that he enrolled in art classes in the Art Students League run by a man called Reginald Marsh. Liechtenstein’s influences regarding his painting style at this time had been the European avant-garde artists such as Picasso. These cubist and expressionist styles were rejected buy by Marsh who favoured painting the masses of New York life such as carnival scenes, boxing matches and the subways catching the detail in fleeting brush strokes, in a non-academic easily recognisable way. This style of recognisable American art that used everyday scenes are dir ectly related to the consumer orientated Pop Art that Liechtenstein was to develop later in his life. Andy Warhol, (fig2) no one, including Warhol him self knows his exact birthday but its thought to be around 1928-1931. Born in Forest city Pennsylvania and christened Andrew Warhola (which he changed in 1949 while living in New York). There are several contradicting stories about his life although he left two autobiographies the factual authenticates are not known, however his parents emigrated to the States from Czechoslovakia in 1909, his father came first to avoid national service and his mother nine years later. His father who worked as a coal minor in West Virginia didn’t play a big role in brining up Warhol, as he was away form home allot. After his death Andrew his mother and his brothers had a very poor existence, during school holidays Andrew sold fruit and helped as a window... ...cles for the American consumer only disconnected from there origins ‘Fig5’. Warhol’s idolisation of the super stars of that era is what set him apart from his contemporaries and immortalised him in popular culture the most famous or these being Marilyn Monroe ‘Fig6’. And this was no accident as his personal goal was to become a star in his own right and he consciously generated a cloak of mystery which made it almost impossible to distinguish the man from the legend â€Å"you can only become famous if everybody is talking about you†(Warhol). Bibliography: All dressed up (the sixties and the counter culture), Jonathon Green, Pimlico 1999. The 50s, Peter Lewis, Book Club Associates, 1978. Fifties source book, Christopher Pearce , virgin imprint W.H Allen & co, 1990 Warhol, Klaus Honnef, Benedikt Taschen Verlag Gmbh, 2000 Lichtenstein, Janis Hendrickson, Benedikt Taschen Verlag Gmbh, 2000 Pop Art, Michael Compton, Feltham-Hamlyn, 1970 Pop as art: a study of the new super realism, Amaya-Mario, London: studio vista, 1965 Pop Art U S A – UK, Japan catalogue committee (isbny8226086), 1987 Cross overs: art into pop/pop into art, Walker John A, London Methuen, 1987

Marital Conflicts and the Resolutions

Our marriage is in one of the most critical moments of our lives; in fact it is between a rock and a hard place. It has now been six years since we got married in one of the most colorful church weddings I have ever witnessed.It is not that we have not gone through some minor conflicts previously, but at least we were able to resolve them immediately by counselors, friends, our pastors and ourselves.The previous disagreements had to do with our monthly spending, pressure from our parents, time to arrive home and our choice of friends among other issues. At present, things have escalated from being bad to worse, with no signs of a possible solution at the horizon.Before we got married, I had vividly known that my fiancà ©e at that time was a committed Seventh Day Adventist though I am a member of the Assemblies of God Church, an evangelical group of the Protestant church.Our parents, friends and the best couple had asked us if we foresaw any future collision since our churchesâ€℠¢ doctrines were different; our answer then was a big no. We believed that our love for each other would conquer any disputes that would arise in our marriage.My wife’s father is a very staunch Adventist; in fact, one of the senior elders at the local church and had never had the thought that any of his five children would ever desert the church which he helped found; an action that made him become respected in the entire locality. My wife loves his father so much and thus has no intent of betraying him.Being an evangelical, a born again Christian and the head of my family, I am not comfortable with the idea of having a divided family with my wife attending church on Saturday making her not attend to her domestic and marital duties from six in the morning to six in the evening (according to their beliefs). On the other hand, I attend church services on Sundays and other fellowships on the weekdays.The conflict is arising from the fact that we do not agree in very many issues that pertain to the different doctrines that the two groups advocate for. My wife does not eat pork or any related products; she does not take either tea or coffee for to her both are drugs, classifying them in the same group with tobacco or marijuana.My wife and I are both civil servants, my wife working with the department of Education and I as an army officer though at the moment I am on the study leave enrolled in the University in an undergraduate program.We have two daughters, Shari and Shako aged five and three respectively. It is our obligation as parents to bring them up in a way that is honorable so that they can become great members of the society. What makes me uncomfortable about our religious differences is because our little children look confused (especially the elder one). Sometimes they go to church on Saturdays and on Sundays; to their mother’s and father’s churches respectively.The older daughter has severally asked me why I do not go to their mothe r’s church and she has, I suppose, asked her mum a similar question. She has made me understand that her friends usually go to church with their both parents and looking at her anxious face, it is obvious that she will be very happy if we would start doing the same.My greatest desire is for us to attend the same church for the sake of our unity and our children. Since I have never thought of myself becoming an Adventist and have always regarded myself incompatible with their doctrines (that I find very conservative) and because our church is a bit liberal, I have severally suggested that we choose a neutral church where we would all be attending together with our children but she has categorically stated that this would only happen â€Å"over her dead body†. This definitely explains why I am a stressed man.

How to Accept Death in The Stranger by Albert Camus

Accepting death is a situation that every person must deal with at least once in their life. The idea of how to accept death can be different for every person. No one deals with death in the same way. Many award winning novels like, The Stranger and Tuesdays With Morrie have a common theme of how to accept death and the changes that come along with it. Many Emily Dickinson poems also have a common theme of accepting death. All of these literary works have a common theme, but the theme is portrayed very differently. The characters in all 3 of these works are doing the same thing, accepting death, but each one of them accepts it in a very different way. Society seems to have a certain tradition on how one person should accept death. No one can tell a person how to accept death, and that is most evident in The Stranger. Not everyone feels grief when it comes to accepting death, and the main character, Meursault is a great example of that. The novel opens up with the line, â€Å"Mother died today. Or, maybe yesterday† (Camus). Meursault has a very nonchalant attitude about his mother’s death. This is not normal to society, but it seems to have been Meursaults personal way of dealing with death. He just did not want to think about it, and wanted to get back to his normal life routines. He just went on like nothing happened and was with Marie at the beach the next day. This is proof of how different the way people accept death can be. Those in the novel, who did not know Meursault,Show MoreRelatedAlberts Aimless Absurdity898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Albert Camus’ novella, The Stranger, he exposes his beliefs on absurdism through the narration of Meursault. Camus’ definition of absurdism is a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is illogical and meaningless. Camus, founder of absurdism and French Nobel Prize winning author, sends the reader his underlying theme that life is meaningless and has no ulti-mate significance. This underlying theme of life’s absurdity is extremely personal to Camus through his own individual experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of Meursault A Stranger To Society1026 Words   |  5 Pagesseems unaffected by her death and he briefly describes his outing with Marie, his co-worker. Later on, he meets Raymond, an abuser of women, and agrees to go with him to his friend’s beach house. There, he gets entangled in a ruthless murder, and is ultimately sentenced to death. During his last hours, Meursault realizes how meaningless and pointless life is and accepts his fate- wishing only that the crowds would scream their hate for him on the day of his execution. Albert Camus accurately depicts MeursaultRead MoreEssay about Absurdism in The Stranger by Albert Camus1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stranger by Albert Camus focuses largely on the concept of absurdism. Camus uses family and personal relationships, or the lack of it thereof, to show the isolation that the main character, Meursault, undergoes in the novel and it’s effect on him overall. Camus utilizes the protagonists’ character development as a tool to further his plot of the novel. The absence of family and personal relationships tied in with the particular recurring topics of the novel are crucial in both the developmentRead MoreAlbert Camus and Bohemian Rhapsody Comparison1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe writings of â€Å"Queen† and Albert Camus Albert Camus was one of the most renowned authors during the early twentieth century. With writings such as The Stranger, and The Plague, Camus has struck the world of literature with amazing works that are analyzed to a great extent. This amazing success was not just handed to Camus on a silver platter however; Albert endured many hard times and was often encumbered with great illness in his short life. These hardships that Camus had to face, emphasized inRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold and the Stranger1538 Words   |  7 PagesRigid Societal Expectations in A Chronicle of A Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez and The Stranger by Albert Camus Everyone has felt the pressure of societal expectations during their lifetime. The negative effects society brings on one’s life can lead to a feeling of rejection towards the people who do not conform to meet those standards. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and Albert Camus, author of The Stranger, both construct the external moral conflict ofRead MoreLight and Heat Imagery in The Stranger by Albert Camus1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stanger by Albert Camus, and Its Effects on the Murder and Existentialism in the Novel In The Stranger by Albert Camus, the murder committed by Meursault is questionably done with no reason. Although the entirety of the second part is spent in society’s attempts to find a cause, Meursault has a durable existential mentality that proves that even he knows that there is no true reason for the crime. Through the use of light and heat imagery and diction in The Stranger, Albert Camus comments on theRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In his various books, short stories, and plays, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentiallyRead MoreAbsurdity And Society1484 Words   |  6 PagesAbsurdity and Society According to Camus’s philosophy of absurdity, a person is truly happy when he or she accepts that life is meaningless. For example, there is no fate, or anything past immediate experience. The hope of something better in the future is what keeps people happy, which raises a question; are people truly happy? If a person cannot be happy without finding meaning, then people must accept existence has no meaning beyond what each individual makes of it, and by accepting a meaningless fate;Read MoreKubler-Ross on Gregor Samsa and Meursault1589 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novels The Metamorphosis and The Stranger by Franz Kafka and Albert Camus, Kubler-Ross’s five stages of death are incorporated to emphasize the themes of individualism and isolation. While denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are common emotions when dealing with death, denial, anger, and acceptance are essential in connecting to Kafka and Camus’s ideas regarding individualism. Through t heir experiences relating to those three stages of death, the protagonists, Gregor Samsa andRead MoreOf Mice And Men And The Stranger Analysis831 Words   |  4 Pages Of Mice And Men And The Stranger In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the brotherhood and the characters work together to fulfill a dream. George and Lennie are hard working men looking for a job and they are dedicated to get their own land. George and Lennie have faith in succeeding, dreaming about what they are going to do in the near future. While In â€Å"The Strangers† by Albert Camus, human existence in life does not matter. Meursault acts like he doesn’t really have

Audience Generated By Humans More Than Anything - 876 Words

Introduction By the time infants reach the later stages of Brown 1, they become more interactive with people. At that point, most infants have said their first word. They are beginning to become more aware of their surroundings. Numerous infants will take it upon themselves into exploring their world by placing numerous objects in their mouth. By utilizing the sense of taste, infants become more connected to their surroundings rather than sight and smell. After a while, children begin to become more in-touch with their surroundings with other senses such as hearing. The intonation and rhythm in the adult’s voice is usually different around young children causing them to be able to get their attention. Numerous studies conducted by speech-language pathologists demonstrate that children are more fascinated with speech generated by humans more than anything. Levi (2014) decided to take it to the next level by conducting a study where the children were able to recite numerous words successfull y after being able to distinguish half of the speakers’ voices. Discussion Levi began her article by stating that young children are able to efficiently remember concepts through their caregivers. Previous studies have shown that infants have the ability to store information in regards to some of the spoken characteristics of their providers. This helps the young child to be able to distinguish familiar voices from strangers. A scenario where it is seen in action is when a child is lost inShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence : Modern Science Fiction1370 Words   |  6 Pages Artificial Intelligence is easily one of the most prevalent themes in all of science fiction. The idea that a machine could exhibit the same level of intellect and sentience as a human, has long since been the basis for captivating audiences creators alike. From an ominous computer system in 2001:A Space Odyssey, to superhuman androids in Westworld. This fascinating sub-genre of science fiction has experienced a diverse range of depictions. The thing with fiction is that it has a habit of romanticizingRead MoreThe American Film Industry1408 Words   |  6 Pagessuper-fame. It is the nature to a human to adapt to conditions over a given period of time. Adaptation continues through into our entertainment as well. Audiences are becoming accustomed to seeing the same things on the screen over and over again. Filmmakers are constantly trying to keep audiences entertained, which is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Today’s general film-going audience quickly becomes bored and seeks more stimulation from the movies. 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Furthermore, authors Pablo Echart and Pablo Castillo mention that: â€Å"It is not a coincidence that political-spy thrillers peaked during the turbulence of the Cold War years and some of its more paranoid tra its were later developed during the 1970s, when faith in democratic institutions and leaders in the United States wavered and even crumbled† (203). After the Cold War, the United States was considered to be the safest and most efficientRead MoreMusic has Accompanied Man through History656 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscovered way before humans, something that can be generated by anything, something that accompanied the universe with its evolution since the first second. Undoubtedly we are talking about music. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, music is â€Å"the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds to produce beauty of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, expressive content, etc.† With the evolution of the universe, music similarly evolved especially after it became more and more developed withRead MoreWith Every Solution, A New Problem Arises800 Words   |  4 Pages With Every Solution, A New Problem Arises Alcohol has been consumed since 10000 BC (Hanson 1). However, unlike now, alcohol was sometimes better than drinking water because of waters’ high risk of carrying diseases. Alcohol wasn’t looked at the way it is looked at now. Barrette Seaman, a New York Times editor wrote a book called Binge: What Your College Kid Won’t Tell You, examining college students’ behavior and reports on the issues of college students. After collectingRead MoreCharles Darwin to Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthat poor or lower class people were treated. Another duality is between two doors belonging to the same house. One door, the front door, used by Dr. Jekyll is said ‘wore a great air of wealth and comfort’ which shows us that Stevenson wants the audience to feel that Dr. Jekyll is innocent and venerable, surrounded by love, comfort and fortune. However the other door, the back door, used by Mr. Hyde is described as ‘the door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained’Read MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World1710 Words   |  7 Pagesbiggest economic problems of 2016, it is everyone’s job as a human being to help make the Earth a better planet to live on again. Unfortunately, unlike in the movie Avatar, our galaxy does not have a habitable moon containing the cure-all mineral unobtanium to solve all our energy problems. The film takes place in 2154 and humans have depleted the Earth’s natural resources. They have entered an energy crisis, which could be our future if humans do not take action now to reverse the damage that has alreadyRead MoreThe Color Blue By Kieslowski s Masterpiece1151 Words   |  5 Pagescinema. Almodovar’s films often deconstruct gender and sexuality. In this context, his films were unique at the time by â€Å"offering a spectrum of strong female characters: at one end the glamorous †¦ at the other, their older or more maternal equivalents †¦No Spaniard since Lorca has more convincingly represented the authenticity of Spanish women† (257-8). All About My Mother (1999) exemplifies this, with main characters consisting almost entirely of complex female characters of varying sexuality, alo ng withRead MoreModule 1 Slp . Introduction To Research Methodologies .1219 Words   |  5 Pagesobtaining information whether it be for purely knowledge obtaining motives, for school homework, a job or for scientific research, the method for getting this information or answer is done through research. You can justify the need the for just about anything and everything around us as a potential research question or opportunity. During this Module 1 SLP, will identify what defines a potential research problem. I will also compare and contrast the differences between quantitative and qualitative research

American Identity - 1566 Words

My American Identity The five key values that were studied and learned about in class were civic engagement, freedom, equality, patriotism and democracy. I do not believe that one of these values is more American than the other though three of these mean more to me personally than others. Patriotism, freedom, and equality. Together they make the United States of America unique from any other country. Yes, some countries have freedom, but no other country in the world is like ours because we hold these values nearest and dearest to us; at least most of us do. These five values are the values that we strive for in perfecting to make us so great. Some are more rounded than others but they are all what makes the United States so unique.†¦show more content†¦I very so agree with this because it is an example of what has happened in the past in America. People have fought for their freedom and died over it at the same time because they chose not sit around like prisoners. People in the past have foug ht and died for the freedoms that I have today so that I would not have to. With me being a black, female, it is almost exact opposite of what you needed to be to have freedoms in the past, it would be unthinkable for me to be treated to same as a white man in the past but because blacks and women have fought for freedom, I do not have to do it myself. The last value that I have chosen to do was equality. I chose this one because equality in America is big. America to me is like a big mixing pot. We have the people who were born here in America, and the ones who live here from that are from other countries. In 2010, there was a record breaking 40 million immigrants in the United States, legal and illegal. The total population in the United States was about 308.7 million people in 2010. America is a place filled with different people who believe in different things, a land of absolute diversity. So who is to say that only one group of people should be given certain privileges because of the color of their skin, who they pray to, or where they were born. Here in America equality is probably one of the most important things we try to pursue as a nation. In the past people have fought to be treated equal and even today inShow MoreRelatedNative American Identity Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages Cornell University Professor Clinton Rossiter explains identity as, â€Å"an intangible feeling. It is something that is felt†¦ An identity is not static. Feelings change with time and therefore, so can identity.†(http://ushistorythemes.weebly.com/american-identity.html). When colonists first arrived to North America, some people wanted to establish an identity unique to themselves and their new colonies. 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Although we know these phases, one must be aware of the cultures that counselors will be working with and how one’s beliefs can hinder the process. The five stages of the Asian-American Identity Development Model, developed by Sue and Sue, are: The ethnic awareness stage, White identification stage, the awakening to the social political consciousnessRead More Diversity and the American National Identity Essays1637 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity and the American National Identity Greed is good, get get get, I want what you have, dont touch mine. This is what a friend of mine said when I asked for his conception of the American national identity is.1 Although this statement seems informal and absurd, it accurately reflects the dog-eat-dog world many people believe to be the American capitalist culture.2 Whether my friend said this with the intent of comic relief is inconsequential. Whether he knew it, the informant reflectsRead MoreThe Identity Of The American Revolution1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe identity of the American colonists prior to the American Revolution was still work in progress because there were certain events that helped shape their identity and led to the American Revolution. The American colonies were trying to break away from the British control because they wanted to become independent and be their own nation. Once the British began to realize the intentions of the colonists, they began to create laws, acts, and other forms things to keep the colonists under their controlRead MoreAfrican American Identity2425 Words   |  10 Pagessources of African American identity? The Discovery of African American Identity In the 1900s African American have slowly started to gain their rights after the end of slavery. It was a difficult and tedious process; however, they never gave up on what they believed in, which is â€Å"racial equality†. 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The media is a reflection of the values that are held in American culture and can be used to enact social reform, or toRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 PagesRace was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325).

Criminology and Terrorism Free Essays

J. Paul BatraProfessor Barnes Research Paper Final due 4/19/10 April 1, 2010 Terrorism Introduction Terrorism is defined loosely based on the Latin word Terre, which means to frighten. To be considered an act of terrorism, which is a political crime, an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and the change the government and should not be merely a common-law crime committed for greed or egotism. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminology and Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism — supply and demand — costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as â€Å"psychic† costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature on deterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. The second theory that can explain the motivation behind terrorism is the relative deprivation hypothesis which is the idea that as a person goes about choosing their values and interests, they compare what they have and don’t have, as well as what they want or don’t want, with real or imaginary others. The person then usually perceives a discrepancy between what is possible for them and what is possible for others, and reacts to it with anger or an inflamed sense of injustice. We should be advised that debates exist within criminology regarding relative deprivation and terrorism, on the one hand, with the anomie or strain tradition which finds causal influence in such objectivist factors as Gross Domestic Product, and on the other hand, with the left realist tradition which finds causal influence in subjective experiences of deprivation or discomfort Crime Characteristics of Terrorism: Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. † Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produce terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. † The U. S. Department of State defines â€Å"terrorism† to be â€Å"premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (International Terrorism and Security Research). Technological terrorism is defined as actions directed against infrastructure elements critically important for national security or committed with the use of especially hazardous technologies, technical means, and materials. In considering technological terrorism scenarios, the primary impact factors of such terrorist acts initiate secondary catastrophic processes with a significantly higher (tens and hundreds of times) level of secondary impact factors that affect the targets of the ttack, their personnel, the public, and the environment. (Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov, Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Machine Sciences )Although what we don’t know about the psychology of terrorism is more than what we do know, there have been several promising attempts to merge or combine psychology with sociology (and criminal justice) into what might be called terrorist profiling (Russell and Miller 1977; Bell 1982; Galvin 1983; Strentz 1988; Hudson 1999). This line of inquiry actually has a long history, and includes what rare studies exist of female terrorists. The earliest study (Russell and Miller 1977) found that the following people tend to join terrorist organizations: †¢ 22-25 years of age †¢ 80% male, with women in support roles †¢ 75-80% single †¢ 66% middle or upper class background †¢ 66% some college or graduate work †¢ 42% previous participation in working class advocacy groups †¢ 17% unemployed †¢ 18% strong religious beliefs IBLIOGRAPHY NOTE: Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors* http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=12490=53 The Economics theory of Rational Choice Theory as a theory of terrorism contends that these criminals usually come to believe their actions will be beneficial — to themselves, their community, or society — AND they must come to see that crime pays, or is at least a risk-free way to better their situatio n. Perhaps the most well-known version of this idea in criminology is routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), which postulates that three conditions must be present in order for a crime to occur: (1) suitable targets or victims who put themselves at risk; (2) the absence of capable guardians or police presence; and (3) motivated offenders or a pool of the unemployed and alienated. Other rational choice theories exist which delve further into models of decision making. In the few models of collective iolence that have found their way into criminology, the Olson hypothesis (source unknown) suggests that participants in revolutionary violence predicate their behavior on a rational cost-benefit calculus to pursue the best course of action given the social circumstances. Bibligraphy note: (THEORIES AND CAUSES OF TERRORISM) http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3400/3400lect02. htm) .   As far as we know, most terrorists feel that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure p eople. They seem to share a feature of the psychological condition known as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is reflected by an absence of empathy for the suffering of others. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill for this. A common feature is a type of thinking such as â€Å"I am good and right. You are bad and wrong. †Ã‚   It is a very polarized thinking which allows them to distance themselves from opponents and makes it easier for them to kill people. It is not the same kind of simplistic thinking one would expect from someone with low intelligence or moral development. Most terrorists are of above average intelligence and have sophisticated ethical and moral development. A closed-minded certainty is a common feature of terrorist thinking. (Merari 1990). Relative Deprivation occurs where individuals or groups subjectively perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged over others perceived as having similar attributes and deserving similar rewards (their reference groups). It is in contrast with absolute deprivation, where biological health is impaired or where relative levels of wealth are compared based on objective differences – although it is often confused with the latter. Subjective experiences of deprivation are essential and, indeed, relative deprivation is more likely when the differences between two groups narrows so that comparisons can be easily made than where there are caste-like differences. The discontent arising from relative deprivation has been used to explain radical politics (whether of the left or the right), messianic religions, the rise of social movements, industrial disputes and the whole plethora of crime and deviance. The usual distinction made is that religious fervour or demand for political change are a collective response to relative deprivation whereas crime is an individualistic response. But this is certainly not true of many crimes – for example, smuggling, poaching or terrorism – which have a collective nature and a communal base and does not even allow for gang delinquency which is clearly a collective response. The connection is, therefore, largely under-theorized – a reflection of the separate development of the concept within the seemingly discrete disciplines of sociology of religion, political sociology and criminology. The use of relative deprivation in criminology is often conflated with Merton’s anomie theory of crime and deviance and its development by Cloward and Ohlin, and there are discernible, although largely unexplored, parallels. Anomie theory involves a disparity between culturally induced aspirations (eg success in terms of the American Dream) and the opportunities to realise them. The parallel is clear: this is a subjective process wherein discontent is transmuted into crime. Furthermore, Merton in his classic 1938 article, ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, clearly understands the relative nature of discontent explicitly criticising theories which link absolute deprivation to crime by pointing to poor countries with low crime rates in contrast to the wealthy United States with a comparatively high rate. But there are clear differences, in particular Mertonian anomie involves an inability to realise culturally induced notions of success. It does not involve comparisons between groups but individuals measuring themselves against a general goal. The fact that Merton, the major theorist of reference groups, did not fuse this with his theory of anomie is, as Runciman notes, very strange but probably reflects the particular American concern with ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ and the individualism of that culture. The empirical implications of this difference in emphasis are, however, significant: anomie theory would naturally predict the vast majority of crime to occur at the bottom of society amongst the ‘losers’ but relative deprivation theory does not necessarily have this overwhelming class focus. For discontent can be felt anywhere in the class structure where people perceive their rewards as unfair compared to those with similar attributes. Thus crime would be more widespread although it would be conceded that discontent would be greatest amongst the socially excluded. The future integration of anomie and relative deprivation theory offers great promise in that relative deprivation offers a much more widespread notion of discontent and its emphasis on subjectivity insures against the tendency within anomie theory of merely measuring objective differences in equality (so called ‘strain’ theory) whereas anomie theory, on its part, offers a wider structural perspective in terms of the crucial role of differential opportunity structures and firmly locates the dynamic of deprivation within capitalist society as a whole. To be completed: Application: Conclusion: Bibliography How to cite Criminology and Terrorism, Papers

Public Personnel Administration Sample Essay Example For Students

Public Personnel Administration Sample Essay Public forces disposal is a subdivision of human resource direction that is concerned with the acquisition. development. use and compensation of a public organization’s work force. The term â€Å"public forces administration† includes three key words. First. â€Å"public† refers to regional and local governmental bureaus every bit good as non-profit 1s. â€Å"Personnel† refers to human resources who work in the populace sector and supply public services to society. Third. â€Å"administration† refers to the direction of human resources in public organisations in an effectual and efficient manner that helps the organisation make its ends and aims. There are four chief maps of public forces disposal. The first. planning. includes fixing staffing programs and budgets. make up ones minding how employees will be used. and puting wage rates. Acquisition is the 2nd. and refers to choosing and enrolling employees. The 3rd is development. which involves employee preparation and advancement plans. every bit good as public presentation ratings. Sanctions. the 4th map. trade with employer-employee relationships. and may include workplace safety and handling grudges. Some of the most of import undertakings performed by public forces decision makers include pull offing employee grudges and employee keeping. Public organisations. more so than private 1s. have formal grudge processs that guarantee due procedure and warrant employee rights. Due procedure is giving an employee the chance to explicate and support his or her actions. Employee keeping plans focus on the importance of maintaining good employees as opposed to happening new 1s. It includes plans such as preparation. development. and tuition aid to assist construct trueness and cut down turnover. Public forces decision makers frequently carry their work within the context of four nucleus. frequently contradictory. social values. These include reactivity. or political trueness ; the rights of the person ; efficiency. or the ability to execute the occupation ; and societal equity. or leveling the playing field. Responsiveness relates to the importance of sing political trueness in add-on to in struction and experience when doing employee staffing determinations. In fact. the chief difference between public and private forces disposal is the political context and the intercession of politicians and their protagonists in determinations impacting public employees. Efficiency. on the other manus. is the pattern of establishing assignments on ability and public presentation. instead than political relations. The single rights of employees are frequently preserved by national and regional Torahs. such as the Constitution in the United States ; merit systems ; and corporate bargaining systems. if applicable. Social equity warrants that groups that can non vie reasonably are given penchants in occupation choice and publicity determinations. Public forces disposal consists of three general systems. The first. civil service. helps to protect employee rights and safeguard efficiency. Corporate bargaining includes negotiated understandings that determine the conditions of employment and related benefits. Affirmative action warrants equal employment chances for those persons that belong to protected categories.